3.c.2. Physics of the speed of light

Outlining the concept of the speed of light in Physics – whether it is constant or not – its system of reference and its relation to mass, energy and gravity, is a complicated task, although much simpler after the development of Global Mechanics.

I get the impression that the current physics model is a partially and inaccurately solved puzzle in that the shape and size of the all the pieces have been forced to fit when they are not the equal – something similar to squaring the circle. Therefore, in order to solve the puzzle, the first thing to do is to go back to the real appearance of the pieces and start from the beginning.

Let's take a look at some considerations regarding the concept of the speed of light in Physics from different perspectives that provide us with the basic equations or relationships that intervene:

• Liaison between space and time

  The Theory of Global Equivalence considers space and time as abstract and absolute concepts.

  Putting aside the irony of measuring axiomatic values and forgetting about the current paradigm of Modern Physics, let's say that the concept of the speed of light for Global Dynamics is like that of any other velocity: travelling Euclidean space in an absolute unit of time.

  A physics experiment with the speed of light in order to prove that simultaneity exists, contrary to what is suggested by Einstein's Theory of Relativity:

  • The Abrujuelas’s Train on the existence of simultaneity

  Likewise, from the point of view of the overestimated usefulness by the philosophy of the science, we cannot deny the advantages of Euclidean space and an absolute time, since the current technology has the capacity to function with the mentioned magnitudes.

• Speed of light independent of the speed of its source

  Based on the numerous optical experiments and empirical observations, we can gather that the speed of the propagation of light is independent of the speed of its source.

  The experiment that clearly shows the independence of the speed of light in relation to its source is:

  • The Sagnac Effect, as far as flatly denying the ballistic theory of light in its day.

  Locally, the speed of light is constant and independent from that of its source, understanding that local speed is that which has the following characteristics:

  • No qualitative or quantitative alteration of the support medium.

  • Displacement measured within its medium of support, that is, with the medium of support as reference system in the sense of the principle of relativity of Galileo.

  As far as this statement, there is no problem given that all of us are in agreement, although possibly for different reasons. The reason is that it is not necessary to apply the Lorentz transformations once we find ourselves in an entirely classical situation.

  The speed of light is constant and independent from that of its source, or object, within its system of natural reference. If we measure the speed of light on Earth we will get one value, but if we measure this speed outside of Earth, for example on the Sun, the value has to change unless we do some sort of magic trick or we change the concept of speed, of course.

• Conditional independence of the source of the speed of light (support medium)

  This characteristic of conditional independence of the source refers to what is understood as the source of light; an everyday object, a planet and its gravitational field or a space ship. The mistake that is normally made is to generalize the case of a common object in Earth's gravity.

  In the online book, Physics Experiments, scientific experiments are proposed regarding the different types of the source of light on Earth and in space.

  On the contrary, it does not make any sense to me that if in the internal space of Pluto, light moves at the speed of *c* and it had the same speed measured from the Sun as it had when travelling on Earth at the speed of *c* but also in relation to the Sun.

  It is clear that the speed of Earth and Pluto is different in regards to the Sun, or origin of the system of reference used in the example and that, in science, we should be skeptical as far as the help of spells or witches in calculations because, although they may give results at first, they are counterproductive in the long run.

  One thing is to transform velocity when it changes from a system of reference, and another is to transform it without changing from a system since, in the example provided, the Sun is the system of reference for both planets. The model in Global Mechanics states that light is a transversal wave of mechanical nature along globine. The natural system of reference, or privileged system, of the speed of light is the gravitational field due to being the medium of support in which it is displaced; in other words, light represents a disruption in globine’s gravitational energy and, therefore, is completely dragged.

  To put it another way, the speed of light is additive in regards to its natural system of reference, or privileged system of reference.

  Physics of the speed of light
   
  

  Among the experiments mentioned in the book, Physics Experiments, that endorse this property of the electromagnetic waves (in order to simplify light waves) we find the following:

  • Michelson-Morley experiment

  • The new physics experiment in the Distant Michelson-Morley space (LISA)

   

• The constant or variable speed of light.

  Another element to keep in mind is the distinct speed of the propagation of light with the medium and its conditions; for example, in the air it also depends on density, pressure and the temperature, and it is not the same in water as it is in ice. If gravity is the medium of support, these variations in speed could be due to the internal gravity of the medium and, as a result, variations in the intensity of the gravitational field should also affect the speed of light – it would be something like tension and the spatial configuration of globine.

  Due to the observations of the speed of light, we know that it is constant in every medium or, said another way, it changes with the medium. Therefore, Global Dynamics states that the speed of light changes with the reticular density and with the longitudinal tension of the gravitational field.

  The constancy or inconstancy of the speed of light is disputed under the perspective of Maxwell's Equations and from a mechanical wave in a non-dispersive medium, in the section, Properties of light waves or photons in the online book, Global Mechanics, and in Maxwell's Equations cited in the book, the Theory of Relativity, Elements, and Kritics.

  Indeed, the measurements of the speed of light exist and it seems that it is constant in a vacuum although it may need to be transformed appropriately; even some people say that it has been measured and it is exactly 299,792,458 m/s.

  After seeing the definition of the current meter, there is no doubt in my mind about the exactness of these measurements. Notice that the meter is 1/299,792,458 of space travelled by light in a second, relatively speaking, of course.

  We have to keep in mind that when observations do not give the mentioned value, an asymptotic transformation is made to the units of space, time, or of both in order to made the speed of light constant since the constancy of the speed of light is an axiom that is imposed a priori in Einstein's relativistic model. I suppose that if it were a constant it wouldn't need to be adjusted. Very illustrative examples regarding the systems of references, measurements of velocity and transformations are the classical and relativistic explanations about the phenomenon of the stellar aberration of light.

  The immediate result of the mentioned axiom is that by changing the system of reference, the calculation for the speed of light should change; then, in order for it to remain a constant in Relativistic Mechanics, the generally accepted conventional model, it should be transformed. This transformation casually implies changing almost all the units of the International System of Units (SI)

• Limit of the speed of light in the medium and the maximum velocity

  The speed of light is the maximum speed of a material object moving through globine due to the very concept of the Greek movement of the mass, or normal motion of things. That is, it is due to the mechanism of kinetic energy and synchronization between mass and the vibration of globine, as we will see later in the section about Physics of movement in gravity.

  However, the maximum velocity in a medium, for example water, does not impede the existence of a greater speed in another medium. Likewise, the speed of light or the maximum speed in normal space or reticular structure of gravity varies with the reticular density and the longitudinal tension of globine.

  Furthermore, the movement of globine in the processes of reticular expansion and contraction do not have the same limit because the mechanisms for the displacements are completely different from those of the material objects with mass, as we have seen when discussing types of movement.

• Speed of light as a critical point of changing phases

  The most important aspect of the speed of light is that is signifies a physics limit at different phases of matter in general (globine) just as temperature represents a limit between the physical stages of water and ice.

  The most well-known limit is Einstein's equation for the transformation between energy and mass:

  E = m c²

  However, the Theory of Global Equivalence shows how this quantitative equivalence should be understood. On one hand, Global Mechanics tells us what electromagnetic energy is and its abstraction as a property of globine and, on the other hand, how it is transformed into elastic energy of reversible deformation and of tension of the longitudinal curvature with the change of phase into mass.

  Gravitational Law of Equivalence

  g = [ c² * h * R / G ] * n

  Furthermore, the change of paradigm assumes that the speed of light is variable and it leads to the idea that quantitative equivalence of Einstein's famous equation has to be understood dynamically or within its gravitational context.

  This gravitational context is included by the Theory of Global Equivalence in its basic equation deduced from the Gravity Riddle or GigaChron Experiment:

  [ g = E c/ G ] * n

  Another important critical point is that of the change of mental state due to the new paradigm in Global Physics by analyzing the facts and its causes from a strictly scientific point of view without imaginary dimensions, and with logic.