2.c.3. Elementary particles and Standard Model of Physics

This section attempts to present a simplified explanation of the Standard Model of Quantum Mechanics and analyze its compatibility with the contributions from Global Mechanics regarding elementary particles.

There is no simple way to explain the logic of the all the elementary particles from the Standard Model of Physics because there is no logic. However, I am not trying to give destructive criticism about the model; the previous statement has to be understood in the same way in which one could talk about the list of chemical elements before the periodic table of elements was created.

In my opinion, the biggest problem with the Standard Model of Physics is that Einstein’s Theory of Relativity does not allow finding the essence of the elementary particles by outright denying that any type of ether or material structure of virtual fields can exist and have a peculiar way of complicating the already complex mathematics.

The elementary particles of the Standard Model of Physics create a more or less orderly set based on observed characteristics, but its motive is not very well understood; therefore, we need to resort to axiomatic principles such as the Pauli Exclusion Principle, or the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle – just to quote the most well known ones.

In order to be able to compare both models, the following is a presentation of both the classification of the elementary particles of the Standard Model of Quantum Mechanics as well as a similar classification but carried out from the point of view of Global Mechanics.

• Elementary Particles of the Standard Model of Physics

  I can not help mentioning that the main characteristic of the Standard Model of Physics is to use some names that seem to have been taken straight out of Greek mythology or from the Lord of the Rings.

  The first classification refers to the particles called Bosons and Fermions. The Bosons are responsible for the transmission of forces, they have an integer spin, they are not affected by the Pauli Exclusion Principle, and they can be described by means of the Bose-Einstein statistics.

  The Fermions are the building blocks of matter, they have half-integer spin, they verify the Pauli Exclusion Principle, and they can be described by means of the Fermi-Dirac statistics.

  Standard Model
  

  Elementary particles in the Standard Model
  
   
  
  
   

  Included in the elementary particles of the Standard Model of Physics are particles that are not elementary in the strictest sense since they are particles composed of smaller particles. Therefore, it would be more accurate to discuss them as subatomic particles.

  In the Standard Model we must consider the antiparticles of many of the subatomic particles indicated in the tables.

  A more detailed description of the characteristics mentioned in the tables about elementary particles of the Standard Model of Physics can be found in Wikipedia.

  Compound subatomic particles
  

• Elementary particles in Global Mechanics

  The following table shows a classification of the subatomic particles which is similar to that presented in the Standard Model but from the point of view of Global Mechanics.

  

  The colors show the approximate relationship between the major types of fundamental particles.

At this point, we are able to examine the problems of compatibility between the two models and propose solutions, or food for thought.

It is actually difficult to make a precise comparison since several criteria are being combined. Quantum Mechanics does not even know what mass is, nor the origin of mass, or anything beyond its effects of inertia or gravitation, and it is always concerned with the duality wave particle of light and the corpuscle wave nature of matter. As a result, it cannot tell the difference between particles with individual mass and waves, or mechanical transmission of energy across the reticular structure of matter, or globine.

In fact, the name of particles without mass immediately raises semantic issues.  While the Standard Model establishes types of elementary particles based on their participation in the different basic interactions, the Global Model uses the composition of fundamental particles as the main element of classification.

Therefore, we could continue with many other concepts; however, in spite of the different perspectives of both models, we have achieved a pretty similar classification of fundamental particles.

This simple comparative analysis does not attempt to highlight the differences that have been described throughout this online book. For example, the concept of wavons, or fundamental particles that have a mixed or sequential nature in time such as waves and mass.

On one hand, it tries to provide an intuitive image of the set of elementary particles without having to use half the memory of the human brain and, on the other hand, detect any compatibility issues and contrast important aspects of Global Mechanics since, lest we forget, Quantum Mechanics is an experimental science and its observations are empirical, even if they are not explained to our satisfaction or they do not know exactly what they are observing.

In short, the deeper we get into the characteristics of elementary particles, the more speculative the ideas become due to the limitations of the physics experiments and of the scientific theories.

The following are aspects of the comparison between the classification of the elementary particles of the Standard Model of Physics and the Global Model that should be highlighted:

• The existence of Globus

  The presence in Global Mechanics of an essential particle, or unbreakable reticular structure of matter, throughout the universe could be considered as a type of gravitational ether with mechanical properties that provides matter and supports the energy of all remaining particles.

  Globus does not have a known spatial physical limit (3 dimensions), nor time constraints (absolute time)

• The great mass of the bosons

  The great mass that the bosons, W and Z, have – which is some 160,000 times that of the electron, or 80 times that of the proton – indicates that at high energy levels, the mass of the proton or of the neutron is quite a bit higher than at normal conditions. Regardless of the mathematical models used in Physics by Quantum Mechanics, it is to be expected that the nucleons will have acquired mass by means of successive absorption of photons, thereby confirming the increase of mass with the energy.

  Nonetheless, the difference in the concept of inertial mass, or gravitational mass, and mass of the elementary particles such as loops of the reticular structure of matter, reminds me of the possibility of the structure's elasticity being able to allow double, triple or more layers of torsion. In other words, perhaps the relationship between energy and material mass is not the same as that between the equivalent energy and mass. Furthermore, the concept of mass of a quark and of other elementary particles in the Standard Model of Physics is basically mathematical.

  Another argument along the same lines is that the total elastic energy of globine seems greater when it supports electromagnetic energy, or gravitational potential, than when it does not support them, as in a case close to the super symmetry stage.

• The graviton and Higgs boson

  According to Global Mechanics, these two hypothetical elementary particles of the Standard Model would not exist as suppliers of mass to the rest of the fundamental particles because that is done by Globus.

• Stability of subatomic particles with mass

  In both the Standard Model, as well as in Global Model, the only two stable particles are the neutron and proton. In one case, the limitation is justified by the asymptotic freedom of the color force in the strong interaction that, judging by the name, is not very well known understood, and in another case it is justified by the existence of globine reticules.

  As far as the instability of the rest of the subatomic particles, the Physics of Particles does not offer any explanation, whereas Global Mechanics argues the effect of elastic deformation when there is no force that opposes it.

  Other fundamental particles with mass can be stable, but under very different conditions than what is normal; such as with the special case of black holes, or other elementary particles under strong magnetic fields.

• Creation of mass, electron mass and neutrino mass

  An idea that I wanted to verify was how coherence the proposal in Global Mechanics is regarding the electron mass as the physical limit of the creation of mass. In other words, elementary particles should not exist with less mass than the electron.

  In contrast to the concept of mass in Modern Physics, you will notice that the electron does not generate forces of gravity according to Global Mechanics; in spite of having mass in the sense of loops of the reticular structure of matter. Furthermore, in short distances it produces negative gravity, or gravitational force of repulsion.

  Almost all of the elementary particles with mass in the Standard Model have more mass than the electron, but there are a few exceptions; two of the three neutrinos have less mass than the electron, and the mass of the electron neutrino in particular is a million times smaller.

  A possible solution is that what Quantum Mechanics considers mass of the electron neutrinos, or muonics, is not mass as it is defined in Global Mechanics or a type of special mass. The neutrinos could be longitudinal waves on top of the reticular structure of matter instead of transversal waves such as the photon, and independent from the curvature of the longitudinal tension that produces the forces of gravity. That is, the mass of the neutrino, just for existing, would not be formed by loops or spirals of the reticular structure of matter given that a complete longitudinal loop in a three dimensional structure is not possible.

  Another coincidence with these rarities of neutrinos is the rare interaction with matter; if neutrinos were made up of longitudinal waves, it would make sense for them not to normally interact with the loops of globine produced by the transversal loops.

  Another resulting characteristic of the proposed nature of the neutrinos is that they could produce or contribute to the expansion of the universe.