2.c.2.b.2. Atom configuration and structure: What are electrons?
In the section on unstable Fundamental Particles with mass, we defined a new type of particles called wavons that share the material nature of mass and the wave nature at several moments of their existence. It was also stated that electrons were a particular type of waves in that they have mass but if the atomic nucleus acquires or loses energy, the point of balance that generated them is disrupted.
The mixed nature of the electrons is independent from the dual property of matter that was initially introduced by De Broglie in 1924 that refers to a different aspect. Furthermore, this duality in matter is different from the poorly named dual nature of light, which has been discussed in previous sections of this book.
In other words, the electrons in the new structure of the atom in Global Mechanics does not magically appear and disappear, or come and go to other dimensions, as statements in the current Quantum Mechanics would seem to indicate.
Let’s keep in mind that, besides the electronic configuration, there are elements of the atom in the nucleus of protons and neutrons (particles with mass, or squeezed matter) that possess most of the mass, as established by the Rutherford model in 1911 with the Geiger–Marsden experiment (also called the Gold foil experiment or the Rutherford experiment)
The innovative idea in Global Mechanics regarding the elements and structure of the atom is the creation of electrons as a result of the electromagnetic field and as elements that reduce the transversal tension of this field, in contrast to Quantum Mechanics that states that electrons in movement generate an electromagnetic field.
Perhaps it seems to be a philosophical change but effect-cause is not the same as cause-effect, and much less cause-cause as proposed in a large part of the current Quantum Mechanics.
Regardless, I hope that the new characteristics of the elements of the atom and its electron configuration help us become more familiar with what precisely electrons are, their meaning, their orbits and the configurations of the other wavons in the atomic structure.
The point of equilibrium where electrons exist is a dynamic equilibrium; but, what's more, the dynamics or movement of the electrons in the structure of the atom respond to different causes and show different behaviors.
Let’s take a look at some of the additional characteristics of the structure of the atom and its electron configuration in particular. First of all, we will examine electron motion within any random orbit and later analyze both the reasons for which they change orbit and the way in which they do it.
The dynamic orbits of electrons
The most relevant change in the electron configuration of the new atomic model is, without a doubt, the shape and meaning of the orbits of the electrons.
The electron orbits
Atom structure
The Rutherford atomic structure defines the electron orbits as circular and elliptical, the Bohr atomic theory believes them to be circular, the Sommerfeld model adds sublevels, and it rules out circular orbits and includes relativity. In the end, the current Schrödinger model changes the philosophy about atomic orbits and outlines probable areas of finding an electron in the spatial structure of the atom.
According to Global Mechanics, the electron configuration of the atomic structure also accepts the zones of spatial localization of negative charges around the nucleus or electrons, which belong to the type of elementary particles called wavons. Electrons have ellipsoid orbits that are not fixed in spite of being stable. As a result, the orbits represent the points through which the electrons move while they share the nature of mass (wavine), that is, like the wavons that they are, when they have the characteristic of coiled globine of mass and not of electromagnetic wave.
The electron orbits are dynamic, ellipsoid, not necessarily around the atomic nucleus, and they correspond to spatial points where the resulting force of electromagnetic tension, or of torsion, and the tension of longitudinal curvature, or classic gravitational curvature, is null or, better said, is annulled by the vibration of the nucleus of the atom and the loops and curls that form the electrons.
The wavon will move because the movement in of itself neutralizes the force of residual torsion or difference in the residual gravito-magnetic potential after the elastic energy of torsion is neutralized with the loops of mass (wavine) of the electron (wavon)
The orbits of the electron configuration are either dynamic or have a cloud-like shape such as the Schrödinger atom model of 1926 due to the vibration of the atomic nucleus. The vibration of the atomic nucleus is due to the fact that the distribution of elastic forces of torsion and the forces of tension of the longitudinal curvature is not uniform, nor can it have purely radial symmetry like in the force of gravity that is considered an isolated case, and in greater distances than the atomic distances.
Likewise, the orbits of electron configuration in the new atom model will also be ellipsoid. The ellipsoid shape does not have to be on a single plane of space but rather it will be a three dimensional ellipsoid, nor will the nucleus of the atom have to be located within the orbital cloud as is defined.
We have already seen in the Schrödinger atom structure that the zones of movement are not always orbits around the nucleus. Although the electron orbits may be circular or elliptical, they will not always be but you can say they will generally be ellipsoid.
Let's take a careful look at why electron motion within an orbit responds to non-relaxed electromagnetic energy due to the loops that form them.
The dance of the Wavons
The mass of the electron depends on the stored elastic energy. From a spatial perspective, the energy of electrons will be the same as the neutralized elastic energy and it will depend on the physical limit in order for a loop or curl of globine to be created, and it will depend on its orbital speed.
However, the neutralization from the movement of the wavons in the atom structure is achieved with each complete turn, that is, the only orbital frequencies allowed are those that can neutralize the forces of torsion; or better said, the speed of electrons will be the same as that which neutralized the previous forces, since it is produced by them. It is similar to when we want to touch something with our hand and that something moves in the same direction and at the same speed as our hand, our force or intention to touch it will become neutralized.
I do not know if it is me today or if it is just really difficult to explain the elements of the new atomic structure, or both, but I am going to try explaining it another way. In the heyelogic figure, there is a pair of hands holding a polyurethane bar by the ends with torsion. If the hands make a movement, like peddling a bicycle, in the same direction as the forces of torsion or twisting transversal tension, the tension at the ends of the bar held by the hands will not vary substantially. But if it is moved in the opposite direction, due to the elastic reaction in the bar, the tension in the hands disappear once it reaches a certain turning speed, and the only thing that can be done is to let the two hands go along with the movement.
Electron configuration
Magnetic field
The tension creates an elastic force that tends to move the hands but if the hands move backwards with the same speed that they would from the effect of the elastic forces of torsion, these elastic forces are no longer noticeable; that is, from this point on, outside of the hands, they do not exist. For future reference, we should name this mechanism of elastic relaxation in the atom structure. I like the dance of the wavons.
The spatial points which the electrons move in their dance are not the orbits around the nucleus but rather they dance upon the axis of symmetry that can in turn be mobile, based on the result of the existing elastic forces.
Leap between electron orbits
If the nucleus of the atom acquires energy by absorbing a photon, it will change the structure of the gravito-magnetic field that is generated, as well as the points of balance where the electrons can exist and move about. It is for this reason that sometimes the mass of electrons may dissolve into electromagnetic energy until a new point of balance where loops or curls that make up the electron mass will once again be created.
Therefore the electron motion between orbits cannot be followed and we talk about electrons as leaping between orbits of the atom structure and the movement of electron clouds.
This mixed nature of the electrons is also the basis of a possible explanation for the tunnel effect and the Young experiment, or double slit experiment carried out with electrons.
Free electrons and molecular bonds
Electrons can also be created between different atoms creating covalent, ionic or metallic bonds.
They also move like stable subatomic particles with mass by means of sliding, such as a sliding knot in the classic vacuum or reticular structure of matter or globine.
In these cases, they are called free electrons because of the fact that they are able to leave the space of the atom or molecule. Seen from the point of view of Global Mechanics, what happened is that either the variations of energy of the atomic nucleus create changes in spatial localization of the relaxation points of the transversal torsion of globine, or the relaxation may not be necessary.
Likewise, the electron motion in the exterior space, or classic vacuum, shows that they have certain stability, for which there should be an energy barrier or a minimum of energy so that the electron is broken up into photons.
The stability of the electron affects the configuration of orbital stability in the atom, since it delays the elastic adjustment of the whole atom. It could be said that this characteristic of the electrons contributes to a greater spatial margin of the spheroid shape of the electron orbits.
As we know from the photoelectric effect, the electron has greater speed and greater kinetic energy the greater the photon energy absorbed by the atom is.
A recent experiment in the limits of the photoelectric effect carried out by German scientists’ shows that an absorbed photon can produce the expulsion of more than one electron; in other words, it seems that in this case, the photon is absorbed by the nucleus of the atom and not the electron.
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