2.c.2.b) Atomic particles
Each time we introduce a concept in Global Mechanics, we should keep in mind that it is necessary to have read the previous chapters. The proposed atom model needs the new concepts of physics mass, of electromagnetism, and the force of gravitation.
Meanwhile, these concepts will be best understood once we have read this chapter about the nucleus of the atom and atomic particles, especially regarding the force of gravity created by physics mass.
The analysis of atomic particles has been divided into the study of the particles of the nucleus of the atom, protons and neutrons on one hand, and electrons on the other.
In turn, the study of atomic particles of the nucleus is presented in two parts; the first on mass, the half-life, and the special characteristic that provides stability to the neutrons and protons within and outside the atomic nucleus.
In the second part of the atomic particles of the nucleus, ideas are presented regarding both the strong and weak nuclear interaction in the interior of a proton or neutron, such as the strong residual nuclear force that the bound atomic nucleus holds.
As far as the concept of electrons, their formation and the characteristics of their orbits are the focus of the first part of the second block of proposals on electrons; which is completed with a study of the analytical states of equilibrium in the electron motion in the theory of the atom put forth by Global Mechanics.
All of the above is merely touched upon and only for the purpose of pointing out the latest on the atom model in Global Mechanics.
Let's take a look at the following characteristics of stable particles of the nucleus of the atom, protons and neutrons:
Mass of stable particles of the atom
According to Wikipedia, the mass of the proton is 1,836 times that of the electron, and the mass of the neutron is 1,838 times that of the electron. The mass of the electron, according to Wikipedia, is 9.10x 10-31 kg
To facilitate the comparisons, we use the mass of the proton to represent a unit of atomic mass (amu)
The radius of the atom is not clear and surely it will vary considerably between different atoms. The hydrogen atom is calculated to be approximately 10-10 m. Likewise, the radius of a proton is approximately 10-15 m, in which it turns out that in the case of the hydrogen atom the radius of the atom is a few hundred thousand times greater than that of the proton.
If we think of mass as the result of having reaching the physical limit of transversal elasticity of the reticular structure of matter, or globine, we can form a vague yet intuitive idea of the size of the stable atomic particles, protons and neutrons, in relation to the size of the filaments of globine.
From another point of view, the mass of a proton and neutron is formed by the mass of three quarks that are made up of mostly loops or curls of what is called the strong field; however, it could be that these loops or curls are two or three times the torsion of globine.
Apparently the formula for Einstein’s Theory of Relativity, E = mc2, is no more than a mathematical euphemism given that Modern Physics not only does not know what the mass for atomic particles is, but it does not even make any attempt at it.
Half-life of protons and neutrons.
According to Wikipedia, the half-life of a neutron outside of the atomic nucleus is approximately 15 minutes.
As far as the half-life of a proton, there is no specific number, but it is very high, billions of years or more.
We should not forget that the half-life of a proton and of a neutron refers to specific conditions that are found on Earth. And we must acknowledge that there has to be some physics cause for the enormous stability of the proton and neutron, since the neutron does not disintegrate but rather transforms into a proton.
The stability of the particles of the atom means that enormous energy is required for them to decompose, or, that their elastic tendency to revert to their initial state had a large energy barrier.
Maximum size of atomic particles: neutrons and protons
The similar size of the elements of the atomic nucleus, neutrons and protons, gives us a clue indicating that it could be a size similar to the maximum size of the stable atomic particles in normal conditions.
All particles that are larger than neutrons and protons are very unstable in normal conditions.
Likewise, since the elementary particles that are smaller than neutrons and protons are almost all very unstable, it seems that there is a relation between a minimum size and the stability of the atomic particles. In other words, the minimum size of the stable particles of the atom is very similar to their maximum size. It appears that the reticular size is relevant regarding the nuclear forces in the world of atoms.
As we can see, the heyelogic microscope allows us to show a reticule with a proton or neutron in its internal volume. In the figure, we can see something similar to three quarks made up of rubber bands representing the filaments of the reticular structure of matter, or globine, which is clearly invisible.
I am going to continue with the creation process of a stable subatomic particle by placing a special emphasis on its volume, for which I will separate the creation process into the following stages:
Formation of loops or curls of globine by squeezing globine.
Due to the electromagnetic energy, the loops will accumulate elastic deformation and there will be a strong tendency to go back to the original state.
As a result of the spatial contraction of globine with the three fixed dimensions in Euclidean space, the initial volume of mass, or curls, would be smaller than that of a reticule of the three dimensional grid of globine.
Maximum elasticity of the filaments of a reticule
The accumulation of curls upon existing curls will continue increasing the volume of the ball of mass being formed, but there will be a moment in which the ball’s growth will be limited by the volume of a reticule – the filaments have a big elasticity but even so there is a limit.
The contraposition of forces between those of the formation of mass and those of the reticule is clear.
It is worth pointing out that the elasticity of the filaments is related to the square of distance, etc., since it is still the same elastic energy that supports the gravitational force and electromagnetic force.
However, upon being stretched, the resistance of the filaments will increase more with the distance; which, to a certain extent is the opposite of the force of gravity, or electromagnetism, that decreases with distance. This aspect is reminiscent of the concept of asymptotic freedom in Quantum Chromodynamics.
Equilibrium between accumulated electromagnetic energy and elastic energy of the reticule.
We need some state of stable equilibrium to explain the stable atomic particles.
If we imagine several very large particles introduced into the reticule, they could possibly end up tangled and form a type of knot or bottleneck with the filaments of the reticule in such a way that they create a stable atomic particle.
It would be a process similar to tying knots in strings, or rubber bands when they get twisted, and by stretching them, we find that some knots become even stronger and more stable.
Random process with multiple elementary particles
Obviously, obtaining this equilibrium is not so easy or probable, but if we think of the large number of elementary particles that can be formed with strong and unstable electromagnetic fields, perhaps it will be intuitively understood that achieving it would not be so far fetched of an idea.
The fact that there are three quarks that make up the atomic particles of protons should be related to the three dimensional shape of the reticule. Global Mechanics proposes a cube shape because it is simple and by having six sides it coincides with the ideas of three internally crossed particles; one face for the entrance and another for the exit through each quark, but it is a completely hazardous and renormalizable detail.
Elementary particles that are larger than those corresponding to the maximum volume of a reticule can possibly be created but they would be very unstable because there would not be any mechanism to stop its reversion unless it maintains an enormous electromagnetic force. This could be the case in some phases in the creation of black holes, which is a topic we will touch on again in the online book about Global Astronomy.
It could be said that the Theory of Layered Knots on the formation of atomic particles explains their stable physical structure with layers of compacted filaments as similar to an onion until reaching the full volume of a stretched reticule.
The mass of stable atomic particles are the cause for gravitational force
An essential element of Global Mechanics is deduced from this mechanism of forming mass. The increase in volume of a reticule due to the presence of atomic particles will produce an elastic force derived from the tension of the longitudinal curvature of the adjacent filaments of the reticules with the law of the inverse of the squares, which is known as the gravitational force.
The same argument shows us that the mass of the smallest particles do not generate gravitational force because they do not have enough volume so as to produce longitudinal curvature in the globine filaments. Due to the distinct characteristics of this mass, I call it wavon.
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