The atom structure and theory has been developed throughout history, as pointed out in the previous page, with unquestionable conceptual and technical advances in the understanding of different phases of matter in general or, to be more correct, the reticular structure of matter, globine, or simply Globus.
On the other hand, it presents the most innovative properties of the atom, not the implications regarding the development of the entire Standard Model of the Physics of Elementary Particles. In any case, it is worth pointing out that the most innovative characteristics of the atom in Global Mechanics are those related to the concept and motion of electrons together with the stable state of particles of the nucleus. The new atom theory explains the properties of the electron motion both within an orbit as well as those that generate change between orbits.
The characteristics and properties of the new atom concept in Global Mechanics will be the following:
Continuous nature of matter
The theory on the discrete nature of matter comes from the concept of the Democritus atom; in short, what it philosophically expresses is that there is no infinity in physics reality, in this case infinite divisibility.
The previous semi-rigid model in Global Mechanics was in agreement with Democritus.
In spite of having allowed me to develop Global Mechanics and the entire Theory of Global Equivalence, the premise of discrete nature of matter forces us to imagine mechanisms that, if not impossible (like those of other theories), are definitely complex.
Therefore, I decided to change to the current elastic model of Global Mechanics so that the development of this model is based on shifting from the idea of discrete nature to that of the continuous and unbreakable nature of the reticular structure of matter, or globine.
In the new atom definition and concept of normal matter, all the physical objects and energies are properties of globine.
Atom theory (a)
Continuous nature of globine
Discrete nature of the mass of atomic particles
While explaining the process of forming mass, we have seen that it starts with a curl or loop in the reticular structure of globine until it reaches a certain physical limit of elastic energy due to the stress torque related to c2. The elastic strength needed for the initial curl or loop establishes the minimum of physical mass for electrons.
Based on the definition of stable atomic particles, protons and neutrons, we can deduce that their size is variable yet very close to their maximum size and they are larger than the unstable particles of the atom, electrons.
We will discuss this aspect in the following section referring to the maximum size of a reticule of globine while keeping in mind the elasticity of its filaments.
This has to happen for some reason so that the size of the neutrons would be so similar to that of protons. According to Wikipedia, the mass of a neutron is 1,008587833 uam (unit of atomic mass) and its average life is about 15 minutes.
I also think that there can be other particles of mass that are much larger than protons and neutrons; but they will not form atoms and they are only stable in very strong magnetic fields, such as in black holes and stars.
The atom as a building block of mass of normal matter
This initial contribution to the modern theory of the atom is thanks to Dalton atomic theory.
I call it normal matter because the atom is stable in relation to isolated subatomic particles, such as neutrons and the smallest elementary particles, and because that is how purely chemical elements are perceived on the human spatial scale.
The average life span of protons is very high, so high that the exact time is not known and it depends on the theory models used.
Electric charge of subatomic particles
It was the Thomson atomic theory that introduced the idea of two types of atomic particles with properties of attraction and repulsion. In the atom theory, these particles are called negative charges and positive charges.
Atom theory (b)
Gravito-magnetic field generated by the atomic nucleus
When discussing photons and electromagnetism, we have seen how the electromagnetic interaction is developed as a second type of gravitational interaction – since both are additives and supported by globine, or reticular structure of gravity.
The electromagnetic interaction is due to the elasticity of torsion of the longitudinal tension lines of the reticular structure of gravity, or globine, with radial or spherical symmetry.
It is often said, with little scientific basis, that the transversal tension of torsion is much stronger than the tension of longitudinal curvature, or traditional gravitational force, in the short distances that imply the atom concept or definition.
I would venture to say that very little is known about the internal gravity of objects and that the electromagnetic force frequently cancels itself out in short distances. In the following sections of the atom theory, concept, and structure, and molecules, I will try to delve into the formation of the gravito-magnetic field in the short distances or those distances similar to the size of the atom.
The heyelogic image shows the atom structure with the elastic filaments of the reticular structure of matter as black lines that represent the torsion that is produced throughout the filaments due to the effect of the electrical charge of the nucleus of the atom, that is, the combined effect of protons and neutrons.
The electric charge of the atom is located in the protons of the nucleus and in the electrons, while the neutrons carry no combined electric charge.
The idea of configuring electrons as an electrical current is based on the Sommerfeld atom model in 1926, which came after the Bohr atomic theory in 1913. A clearer approach for the atom theory would be to include electrons in the category of wavons – as defined in the section on Unstable subatomic particles – given that calling it an electrical current doesn't clarify much more either.
Quantum structure of the atom
The allowed orbits of the electrons respond to levels of stable energy related to the Planck constant. The same occurs with the absorption or emission of energy from electrons changing orbits, all of which was proposed in 1913 by the Bohr atomic theory.
We must point out that the continuous nature of matter does not contradict the quantification of energy in the modern atom concept. Furthermore, the elastic energy of globine requires internal elements with elastic properties.
The concept of continuity does not mean uniformity since the reticules of the reticular structure of matter imply in of themselves internal elements in globine and its initial symmetry.
Elastocytes would be the elements that support the property of elasticity of matter as well as the atom concept that justifies the quantification in the current Physics of Particles; although it occasionally reaches the extreme of creating quantums of totally independent characteristics of energy from a conceptual point of view, such as space or time.
In the following points, we will comment on why protons and neutrons in the nucleus of the atom are stable and what electrons are and the causes for the electron motion according to the spatial structure in the atom concept in Global echanics.
