2. GRAVITATION

2.a) Newton’s law of universal gravitation

Newton integrated the force of gravity on Earth with the force that governs planetary orbits through his mathematical Law of Universal Gravitation; but no physical reasoning was given of the mechanical causes to support it. Newton himself commented that he did not like forces at a distance.

Subsequently, Einstein’s Theory of Relativity added a slight distortion of space in order to fit the planetary orbits to astronomic observations. If Newton’s Law of Universal gravitation was a purely mathematic law, the Theory of Relativity uses mathematical equations so complex that not only the physical interpretation is elusive but that the mathematical interpretation is itself, in the majority of cases, imaginary. A friend from Mensa, the herbivore, upholds Einstein’s theories and has also always had a vivid imagination.

In principle, it seems that two different causes would have to exist in the theory of gravitation. One that would justify the classic gravitational force or Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation and, the other, the distortion of the anomalous precession of Mercury’s orbit explained by Einstein’s Theory of Relativity.

Mathematically, the problem is more or less resolved by the combination of Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation and Einstein’s Theory of Relativity, given that is known the quantification of energy exchanges, due to the gravitational forces, between kinetic and potential gravitational energy and the maintenance of mechanical energy.

Gravitational interaction is responsible for the variations between kinetic and potential elastic energy associated with mass in the reticular structure of the matter or globine with radial symmetry. On the following page of this online book mechanical energy and the principle of equality between inertial and gravitational mass will be discussed.

An approximation to the form of interaction of globine with electromagnetic energy and bodies with mass due to the gravitational attraction is shown in the online book Global Dynamics, in the section on Physics of motion with analysis on the dynamics of light movement and of the bodies with mass in free fall.

On the other hand, in this book’s section on Energy experiments the calculation of light curvature in gravitational lens and the perihelion precession of Mercury’s orbit are studied.

So, the mathematical formula is one thing and the underlying physical explanation another; the atractis causa topic is complicated by the existence of two causes or components of the forces of gravitational attraction; that explain the acceleration of mass associated with Newton’s classic Law of Universal Gravitation and with Einstein’s imaginary space-time distortion relative to the anomalous precession of the planetary orbits with respect to Celestial Mechanics.

However, the fact that light deflects in a gravitational field exactly double than mass according to Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation makes me suspect that there must exist some special relationship between the causes of both deviations.

The theory of everything from the Theory of Global Equivalence also resolves the problem of calculating the gravitational force with the Law of Global Gravity equation, whose formula is as follows:

Global Gravity Law
 

In this formula from the Law of Global Gravity total mass does not appear because, doing this would place it on both sides of the mathematical equation.

It is known that, according to Newton’s law of gravity, the force of attraction between two bodies is also inversely proportional to its distance squared. This formula of gravitational acceleration is equal to Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation if we take into account the direct effect of velocity on gravitational interaction. Understanding always by velocity, the average velocity with respect to the natural reference system provided by globine.

According to the mathematical laws proposed by Global Dynamics, the force of gravitational attraction is due to two attractis causa components.

• The first, where the gravitational force is proportional to total mass, that is, mass at rest plus the mass equivalent to kinetic energy.

  The increase in the force of gravity by the increase in total mass does not affect Mercury’s orbit, given that the greater force of gravity must accelerate the greater total mass. Consequently, in both the formula with only this component of atractis causa and Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation, the mass of the body affected by the force of gravity does not appear and both results would be identical with respect to motion.

  Therefore, this component is represented by *1* in the Law of Global Gravity formula.

• The second, which implies an additional force from body velocity.

  This second component is half the force of gravity that electromagnetic energy would suffer due to its speed, which is equivalent to the kinetic energy of the total mass. Remember that the curvature of light, because of the gravitational lens effect, is double the deviation the mass. One part compensates the increase in total mass and the other makes up this second component of atractis causa.

  In order to add the equivalent mass of kinetic energy to Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation formula it is necessary to correct its value by 2π, given the character of lineal acceleration in the aforementioned equation. It is an issue similar to the difference between Planck’s constant and the reduced Planck constant.

  The Law of Global Gravity represents energy transfers between the globine and the mass or electromagnetic energy; therefore, the relevant magnitudes are always different types of energy; what is more, the mass is a manifestation of accumulated elastic energy.

The second component of atractis causa from the new theory of gravitation is named Merlin effect due to its implications on the movement of bodies with mass (Mercury) and the propagation of light (Lighting)

The difference of Global Dynamics to the Theory of Relativity is that while Einstein uses kinetic energy to alter space-time and balance the planetary orbits; Global Dynamics defines an additional force or second component of atractis causa, adjusted also by kinetic energy, to explain the physical reality without altering it.

As has been mentioned, Newton was aware that his gravitation theory did not explain the mechanical mechanisms of the force of gravity, what he called forces at a distance. Modern Physics not only does not explain the mechanisms of material reality providing energy for the accelerations already mentioned or changes in the continuum or, at least, where and when these mechanisms act, but it also casts doubts on the most basic concepts of its raison d’être, such as physical reality, space, time, etc.

Global Mechanics attempts an approximation of said mechanisms through the interrelation between globine and mass or, put another way, between longitudinal curvature tension in the gravitational field or potential energy on the one hand and both elastic and kinetic energy shown in the form of mass or electromagnetic energy on the other.

Force of gravitation
Bewitched heart

The figure of the bewitched heart allows for an intuitive understanding of the force of attraction as a result of the globine’s vibrations. If we make the strings in the figure vibrate, any body or energetic property on them will tend to move upwards or to where the strings are most separate, on condition that the said body has a neutral spatial orientation.

If the object were to be shaped like a black triangle it could well move to the contrary; then its spatial configuration would mean a greater effect on the exchange of energy than that of the spatial configuration of the strings. A more in depth analysis of motion can be found in the section on Physics of movement with gravity from the online book of Global Dynamics.

• Homemade physics experiment

  As a straightforward, but not exact, example, it can show that the Merlin effect or second component of the atractis causa is defined by the additional force of gravitation in the case that the object were moving on the strings, then it would produce greater points of contact with the same.

• Simple example of the pigeon

  With identical imperfect example limitations, it is also worth considering the idea of a pigeon flying with or without wind.

In particular and remembering the characteristics of the Global Mechanics model of Euclidean space, absolute time and of being renormalizable, I would say that the mechanism of gravitational interaction is the same one for the deviation of mass and light curvature; or for the effects of Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation and those of Einstein’s Theory of Relativity in relation to the planet’s orbits.

In other words, I am describing the unification of both atractis causa components. In this sense what changes from one case to another is the perspective and quantitative effect of the only existing mechanism.

The question of spatial configuration in gravitational interaction is very important since, it allows a more precise explanation of other concepts that are now, due to so much relativity and uncertainty, rather confused, such as those of motion, force, time, space and velocity.

In fact, as much the Law of Global Gravity as Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation can not only be rewritten in terms of energy instead of mass but it would be more suitable. After all, the chosen units do not alter the outcome; as an example one can refer to the field equations of Einstein’s General Relativity, with its conversion to geometric units.

The atractis causa components will be examined in more depth when discussing motion, kinetic energy and the Laws of Global Gravity themselves; taking into account the nature of light and mass according to Global Mechanics.