EXPERIMENTS IN MODERN PHYSICS

1.a) Time experiments - The invisible clock

One of the physics experiments that I like the most is because it is one of the most well-known examples among the general public as indisputable proof of the theory of relativity of time: Time is altered in the atomic clocks of a spacecraft!

Even the modern systems of the Global Positioning System (GPS) incorporate time adjustments due to Special Relativity as well as to General Relativity. (Speed and gravity respectively)

With the Theory of Global Equivalence, time adjustments would be incorporated into the Global Positioning System (GPS) through measuring errors due to the atomic clocks’ sensitivity to speed and gravity.

The question is: what mechanisms operate in the atomic clocks so that their hands or little feet do not follow the same rhythm?

Because surely there is some mechanism.

Well, there is not! Alteration, they are altered, but according to the Theory of Relativity they are altered because time is relative and depends on the reference system of the observer, of the dimensions, of the turnbuckles, etc.

Besides, it does not matter if they are optical, pendular or atomic clocks, all the imaginary time experiments seem to coincide by means of the art of magic.

Since I need a mechanism in order to change the clock hands, I imagine that perhaps they are altered by the action of the God Chronos. So then, I wonder what would happen if Chronos gets confused for a moment and thinks, upon seeing the hands of a pressure clock, that tells the time, and moves them to set the time.

I do not want to even think what would happen if Priso (Haste), the absentminded god of pressure, being in hurry, touched a time clock by accident. It would be hysterical!
 
Obviously, we all agree that atomic clocks are altered, it is a fact in time experiments, but I think that it is due to the mechanisms being affected by speed and gravity and not because the god Chronos changed the hands trying to be a little juggler.

The current definition of second is the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of radiation corresponding to the transition between the two levels of the normal state of the isotope 133 of the cesium atom in specific conditions and state. And the definition of a meter is the length of the path traveled by light in vacuum during a time of 299,792,458avo of a second.

Considering the concepts of a clock, time and definition of a second, we can observe that gravity and speed alter the mechanisms of the atomic clocks which serve as a base for the definition of a second.  Surely it will also be sensitive to pressure or other specific conditions.

A key concept of the definition of a second appears to be that of the particular conditions and state. Consequently, the normal would be to separate the definition of time and its unit from gravity, speed and any other circumstance, establishing some specific conditions that include all of them.

The only problem that would arise is that the Theory of Relativity would become officially incorrect given that the physics time experiments with atomic clocks, in order to be consistent with the new definition of the unit of time, would show that what is altered is the accuracy of the measuring instrument and not time itself.

The only time experiment that would tell us if time really is relative or not, would be one with an invisible clock and that had no mass; that is, one that would not be affected by the changes in speed like a measuring instrument, if time is relative it will be relative in of itself and not because the mechanism of the measuring instrument was affected.

Nonetheless, a good approach for now would be to use atomic clocks but correcting their little time deviations in relation to changes in the conditions, provided that we include gravity and speed.

Now we should look for time experiments that confirm our assumptions.

Since it is difficult to find an invisible clock and even more difficult to find one that does not have mass, I have decided to change the plan of direction and instead of using a clock, I would use various groups and if possible all atomic clocks.

It reminds me of that saying: “clocks, united, shall never be beaten”. In order to win, they only need a leader and they already have an unquestionable one: the invisible clock or the cloaked clock. Surely it is the most despicable clock, because it does not have any king of hands!

Actually, we are dealing with a group of physics experiments more than one specific time experiment. We would leave a clock at rest on the earth’s surface and others in different conditions: one in movement on a spacecraft, another exposed to heat, another to radiation, another at rest in a tower, another with elevated pressure, etc.

• The control atomic clock on the earth’s surface

  With this clock we attempt to seize actual time by isolating it from other dimensions, or from the known dimensions at least.

• Velocity

  So, I think that the atomic clock of the spacecraft will be altered by the changes in its mass brought about by speed and the corresponding kinetic energy.

• Temperature

  Meanwhile, we will place another group of homogenous clocks with the previous in an oven at about 100 or 200 degrees Celsius in order to see if time is also relative with temperature. It’s a clock flambé, microwave-style!

  The idea is simple, it is possible that atomic clocks are affected by energy - either kinetic or caloric energy - but it would have nothing to do with the relativity of time but rather with the theory of suffocation.

  Furthermore, I thought that it was generally known that the temperature of an atom is directly related to its speed.

• Gravity

  Another aspect of the physics experiments with time could appear if we lock an atomic clock up in a tower 6 km high and we discover that it also becomes desynchronized at its own whim.

  Here we would have to examine the possible psychological causes related to the fear of heights or vertigo and, once they are ruled out, contemplate the possible influence of the different spatial speed by the effect of the earth’s rotation.

  Although the atmospheric pressure could also affect them, it is doubtful that such an effect could be observed with the current technology given the small change of pressure to which we are referring.

  The same argument can be made in relation to the changes of time due to the difference in gravity thinking of Einstein’s Principle of Equivalence; although I would say that the effect is due to the Principle of Global Conservation.

  The Theory of Global Equivalence assumes that variations in mass of the Cesium Atom due to changes in gravity are produced by a similar gravitational effect to the gravitational red shift which affects the frequency of radiation (as well as the clocks and princesses locked up in the towers type Pound and Rebka)

  These changes in mass will affect the period of the radiation emitted, which is used to measure seconds. There is a slight difference between admitting and explaining a mistake in measuring and changing the whole International System of Units (SI) and measurements due to not being able to or not wanting to admit the mistake in the interpretation of time experiments.

• Pressure

  Already in place, we could try another time experiment putting a fourth group of homogenous clocks with the previous in a super pressure cooker pot. If these clocks were also ineffectual we could consider the effect on time from the psychological pressure on the corresponding atoms.

  If the pressure, in theory, is capable of producing supernovas by means of fusion of the stars’ electrons and protons in order to create neutron stars, when it exceeds Chandrasekar’s limit - implying a violation of Pauli’s exclusion principle - it should also affect the vibrations of cesium atoms or those of any other element.